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James Clerk Maxwell Foundation

Who was James Clerk Maxwell?

James Clerk Maxwell was one of the greatest scientists who have ever lived.  To him we owe the most significant discovery of our age - the theory of electromagnetism.  He is rightly acclaimed as the father of modern physics. He also made fundamental contributions to mathematics, astronomy and engineering.

On the 13th June 1831 James Clerk Maxwell was born in Edinburgh, at 14 India Street, a house built for his father in that part of Edinburgh's elegant Georgian New Town which was developed after the Napoleonic Wars.  Although the family moved to their estate at Glenlair, near Dumfries, shortly afterwards, James returned to Edinburgh to attend school at The Edinburgh Academy.  He continued his education at the Universities of Edinburgh and Cambridge.  In 1856, at the early age of 25, he became Professor of Physics at Marischal College, Aberdeen. From there he moved first to King's College, London, and then, in 1871, to become the first Professor of Experimental Physics at Cambridge where he directed the newly created Cavendish Laboratory.  It was at the Cavendish, over the next fifty years, that so much of the physics of today continued to develop from Maxwell's inspiration.
 

Maxwell Framed Photo

JAMES CLERK MAXWELL - 1831-1879

Albert Einstein said: "The special theory of relativity owes its origins to Maxwell's equations of the electromagnetic field."
Einstein also said: "Since Maxwell's time, physical reality has been thought of as represented by continuous fields, and not capable of any mechanical interpretation.  This change in the conception of reality is the most profound and the most fruitful that physics has experienced since the time of Newton"

Ivan Tolstoy, in his biography of Maxwell, wrote: “Maxwell's importance in the history of scientific thought is comparable to Einstein’s (whom he inspired) and to Newton’s (whose influence he curtailed)”

In 1864 Maxwell, before the Royal Society of London in 'A Dynamic Theory of the Electro-Magnetic Field', said: “We have strong reason to conclude that light itself - including radiant heat and other radiation, if any - is an electromagnetic disturbance in the form of waves propagated through the electro-magnetic field according to electro-magnetic laws.”

On which Professor R V Jones commented: “This paper is the first pointer to the existence of radiation other than light and heat, and ranks as one of the greatest leaps ever achieved in human thought.”

"He achieved greatness unequalled"  Max Planck

                                                                                            
"From a long view of the history of mankind - seen from, say, ten thousand years from now - there can be little doubt that the most significant event of the 19th century will be judged as Maxwell's discovery of the laws of electrodynamics"  Richard P Feynman

So much of our technology in the world today stems from his grasp of basic principles of the universe.  Wide ranging developments in the field of electricity and electronics, including radio, television, radar and communications, derive from Maxwell's discovery - which was not a synthesis of what was known before, but rather a fundamental change in concept that departed from Newton's view and was to influence greatly the modern scientific and industrial revolution.

Events relating to life and work of James Clerk Maxwell

1831

Born 13 June, 14 India Street

1833

Moved to Glenlair

1841

Enrolled, Edinburgh Academy

1846

Maxwell’s first paper “On the description of oval curves and those having a plurality of foci” Proc Roy Soc Edinburgh

1847-50

 Studied, University of Edinburgh

1854

Tripos award, Cambridge

1856-60

Prof Physics, Marischal College, Aberdeen

1856

Elected Fellow Royal Soc, Edinburgh (RSE)

1860-65

Prof Kings College, London

1860

Awarded Rumford Medal, Royal Society

1861

Royal Institution first demonstration on colour reproduction

1861

Elected Fellow Royal Society

1862

“On physical lines of force” Phil Mag. Shows that electric effects travel at speed of light

1864

Royal Society lecture “light - including other radiation – is an electromagnetic wave disturbance propagating according to electromagnetic (EM) laws.”

1864

“On reciprocal figures and diagrams of forces” Phil Mag 27. First paper showing how to calculate stresses in multi-strut bridge frames. Later effort led to 1870 award of the RSE Keith Medal.

1865

Famous EM equations first published in Trans. Roy. Soc., London

1866

Bakerian Lecture of the Royal Society. “On the viscosity or internal friction of air and other gases” Phil Trans Roy Soc. Includes measurements made in his attic

1868

“On a method of making a direct comparison of electrostatic with electromagnetic force; with a note on the ectromagnetic theory of light” Phil Trans Roy Soc.   Includes consequence of definitions of electromagnetic and electrostatic units of  electric charge which makes their ratio equal to the speed of light

1868

On governors” Proc Roy Soc. First mathematical treatment of feedback leading to control theory and cybernetics

1870

“On reciprocal figures, frames and diagrams of forces” Trans Roy Soc Edinburgh 26.  This follow-up to a paper by G B Airy on elasticity led to award of RSE Keith Medal

1870

“On hills and dales” Phil Mag 40. An early contribution to the mathematics of topography

1870

Textbook “Theory of Heat”

1871

First Prof of Experimental Physics and established Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge

1871

Second lecture on colour at Royal Institution: “On colour vision”

1873

Publication of “Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism“

1876

DCL, University of Oxford

1878

Volta Medal, University of Pavia

1879

Dies of cancer on 5 November, buried Parton

2008

Edinburgh statue unveiled

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